Federal Reserve Actions during the Great Depression in 1929 and 1930, Essay

Central bank Actions during the Great Depression in 1929 and 1930, and the Global Economic Recession of 2008 and 2009 - Essay Example The principle explanation behind this is because of the dissemination of products in various landmasses. Moreover, impacts of business are experienced on a worldwide scale. Along these lines, a financial droop in the US will likewise be looked in Europe and the Far East. There are two basic periods in history whereby the worldwide economy has drooped uniquely, influencing a great many individuals around the globe. The first is the Great Depression of the late 1920’s and all the more as of late, the Global Economic Recession of the late 2000’s. Different elements have been embroiled in these outstanding financial droops ever, yet these change generally as indicated by numerous business analysts, intellectuals and writers of financial aspects books all have offered their thoughts on what may have caused the Great Depression and the Global Economic Recession. This article examinations the Great Depression and the Global Economic Recession in detail by breaking down the cau ses and the job that Federal Reserve Actions played in the monetary droops. The paper additionally portrays sentiments concerning the financial droops from four business analysts. The initial two are Jeremy Attack and Peter Passell, writers of the book, â€Å"A New Economic View of American History: From Colonial Times to 1940†. Different creators are Jonathan Hughes and Louis Cain, creators of, â€Å"American Economic History†. So as to comprehend contentions set forth by these creators, it is essential to dissect the Federal Reserve System and the two monetary droops. The Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve activities have been the countermeasures after the Great Depression and the Global downturn of 2008. The Federal Reserve is a free national bank that works in an autonomous way since its activities are not confirmed by the Congress or President. The Federal Reserve System was set up in 1913 by Congress and its job was to regulate all financial tasks in the US b y raising or bringing down loan costs, and to shape the US economy through foundation of different monetary policies1. As much as it is free, this body is as yet liable to Congress on different issues. The Federal Reserve System includes seven Board of Governors individuals and 12 Federal Reserve banks that are appropriated in different urban communities of the US. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the strategy producer of the Federal Reserve System and it influences financial arrangement through numerous ways, some of which are; Open market tasks; modifying of hold necessities and altering markdown rates. These three apparatuses are utilized to extend or fix cash flexibly. A case of this is in swelling. In the event that the FOMC needs to control expansion, it can limit and control the US government’s cash gracefully through selling of government protections and expanding the measure of cash which banks need to use for save requirements2. These two activities by th e FOMC expel cash away from dissemination, thus expansion would be controlled. This is on the grounds that, a lower flexibly of cash prompts less spending, and subsequently, there will be lower costs. Because of these, business analysts contend that Federal Reserve activities are completely liable for monetary droops since they control expansion through their activities. Moreover, the FOMC can enhance financing costs for motivations behind controlling expansion. This is on the grounds that, by raising paces of premium, this would make it costly to obtain cash; subsequently, customers would think that its simpler to set aside cash as opposed to spending it. The aftereffect of this is costs of products would be brought down. With time, the underlying jobs of the Federal Reserve System have extended because of the changing monetary real factors. Adversary model, the Great Depression changed the way where the framework worked with the goal that future monetary droops would not be the si tuation. Nonetheless, this was not the situation,

Law of Business Organizations Cases and Notes

Question: Examine about the Law of Business Organizations for Cases and Notes. Answer: Presentation: A legitimacy Limited Company in many is generally introduced as a pty ltd. Its name (appropriateness) recommends that it exclusive while then again, restricted essentially makes references to the obligation that originates from the constrained installment of investors obligations regarding their offers. Preceding the enrollment of appropriateness restricted organization inside Australian state, it is significant for specific contemplations to be set up (Armstrong 2006). The subject contemplations spin around the accompanying; the organization to be enrolled ought to have in any event one executive for reasons for organization. The organization to be enrolled ought to likewise have an Australian location for an office that is enlisted. By the by, the organization to be enrolled should place into thought the part of investors and the laborers or the representatives. It should have if less one investor yet ought not outperform a limit of 50 workers. The enlistment of a respectability constrained organization is under area 117 where an enrollment structure is picked, filled and finished as a method of meeting the prerequisites that are reported in the structure in accordance with the enlistment strategies and Acts. Aside from the referenced Policies and Acts, the enlistment ought to likewise conform to ASIC whose full significance is Australian Securities and Investment Commission. During the enrollment of appropriateness constrained organization or a pty ltd organization, there is a prerequisite for the arrangement of a corporate register for documenting and is required to coordinate with the 2001 Act of Corporation. After that the Australian Securities and Investment Commission will furnish the organization in setting with the enlistment testament to approve its enrollment. On a similar note, after the enrollment of a respectability restricted organization, it is vital for close recognition on the inward administration of the organization which is to be represented by blend of decides and constitution that are replaceable to be thought of (Australia business and speculation openings yearbook: down to earth data and openings 2005). The referenced ought to be in accordance with the Corporation Act under segment 134 and 135. As per 1936 and 2001 Act of Corporation, replaceable principles are referenced as segments inside the subject Act which have a programmed application with the thought of the companys administration and the board. Segments 134 and Sections 135 Other than the as of now examined over, the NB segment 134 and 135, obviously plots the forces and decides that are inside the constitution. The majority of the forces incorporate; the forces of arrangement and the forces given or vested upon the chiefs. It likewise manages the guideline of the individuals and executives gatherings. On a similar viewpoint, it accommodates the arrangements of various offer classes. This approves the fundamental target why the inward administration of the appropriateness constrained organization ought to be under the administration by the mix of replaceable principles and constitution under area 134 and 135 as of now explained concerning Corporation Act inside the passage (Australia 2011). Area 254A and Section 254A Under this area, the enrollment of a respectability constrained organization (pty ltd) should forces both standard offers just as a class of redeemable inclination shares. As referenced in the early on comments with deference in the initial comments of this area, the previous is secured under segment 254A (2) and (3). On account of inclination shares, its significance or imperativeness is acknowledged at the time or time of companys enlistment since it enables the subject issue. The offers are likewise pegged to the as of now talked about idea of defendability and rules of NB area 134 and 135 that manages matters identified with reimbursement of capital, aggregate and noncumulative of profits. The area in setting is along these lines similarly critical simply like those of NB segment 134 and 135 and ought to likewise be placed into extraordinary view with regards to companys enrollment. In the angle redeemable inclination shares inclination share that can be experience reclamation under segment 254A (3), it is vital for enrollment since it will take into account the legitimacy constrained organization to reclaim its offers during a period that is fixed or on the occurrence of specific occasions. The occasions in setting might be in accordance with the subject organization alternative or investors choice. All these are caught in NB segment 254A (3). A similar area likewise diagrams various approaches and rules that traces how the inclination partakes in setting are to be recovered. Other than the approaches and rules, there are likewise the corporate guidelines which should likewise be presented with an equivalent load as those of the area in setting to guarantee that the offers reclamation is legitimate. Area 198A It was seen that chiefs had a propensity for settling on one-sided choices that harmed the advancement of the organizations. They likewise exploited running the organizations a solitary to serve their own advantages and steal the companys assets. This area was along these lines brought into power to put a keep an eye on the executives by guaranteeing that a definitive choice lied on the general enrollment (Bell Howell Information and Learning 2009). This segment explains the obligations of the chiefs of an organization. It likewise expresses the cutoff points to which the forces can be worked out. For example, there are events in which just the comprehensive gathering can settle on specific choices with respect to the organization. This area keeps the executives from running the organization as their own properties. It advances a culture of discussion between or among the chiefs and the whole participation. This lessens the odds of chiefs abusing the workplace or misusing reserves. N o one-sided choice can be taken which may imperil the advancement of the organization. It likewise guarantees that investors certainty is contact. On the off chance that they are certain that the executives powers are choked and they must be counseled every once in a while then they can keep on furrowing their assets into the organization. Area 191 This area chiefly discusses what should given thought while enrolling an organization. An organization can't be an individual and in this way legitimate methods must to be followed. For instance, it was understood that a few chiefs of organizations used to enlist different organizations utilizing their names or with names of their dear companions or family members. This could bring a great deal of contentions as the chiefs could improve themselves or their companions. The organizations were accordingly depicted in a negative light. Many court fights additionally resulted to the impairment of the influenced companied. This area was along these lines acquainted and carried with training or course right away. The segment necessitated that chiefs of the Australian organizations uncover material individual interests. This segment is intended to guarantee that executives individual interests don't conflict with those of the organizations. The executive should cautiously choose whether his own advantages are material. In the event that an executive doesn't proclaim his own advantages the individual in question may have undue preferred position when exchanging with the organization. For example, if the chief is working another business managing supplies he/she may over provide the cost estimates making him to move the companys assets to his side business (Hughes 2014). There are additionally different situations where when it came to tenders, the executives would seek their organizations to be granted or assigned the tenders. This would demonstrate only their personal responsibility material, since they are offering for the equivalent, the opposition between the executives companys and different bidders may not be reasonable (Latimer 2006). This is on the grounds that they are similar individuals who are accused of the obligation of giving out the tenders and here they are seeking them. The likelihood of them winning the tenders was exceptionally high (Johns 2012). This area along these lines prepares for such and puts the organization blameless since inquiries on biasness don't emerge. Area 250R Generally, chiefs had extremely constrained decisions to make with respect to the companys compensations. Individuals with little information would pass unbending and restricting goals which must be followed carefully till the following yearly comprehensive gathering (Smyth 2005). This prompted significant issues particularly when the monetary parts of a nation endured some insecurity into softly. This was the primary motivation behind why this segment was brought into light. The area was along these lines acquainted with permit individuals to have say on compensations while additionally giving executives opportunity to make modifications when advantageous. The segment 250(R) (2) manages deciding on the compensation report in a yearly regular gathering. Subsection (3) opens the vote isn't legitimately jumping to executives (Tomasic, Bottomley McQueen 2002). The areas guarantee that individuals participate in a most vital thing, compensation which is at the core of each investor. This monitors the chiefs against cases of abuse of assets or over and under installment of compensations. Be that as it may, the executives have a breathing space to consider the choice and relying upon their budgetary experience and mastery complete a few corrections considerably after the comprehensive gathering. The financial aspects of a nation is never static and numerous multiple times it is flimsy. The chiefs can consequently change the goals dependent on the monetary condition. It gives executives opportunity to control compensation (Vickery Pendleton 2006). Taking everything into account, the enrollment of an appropriateness constrained organization is a point by point and restrictive procedure that requires various records and arrangements as referenced in the in the resulting passages with respect to the area gave. References Armstrong, P. (2006). Setting up a partnered wellbeing administration. South Melbourne, Thomson Social Science Press. Australia business and speculation o

Ergonomic “disaster” (Research Paper) - 275 Words

Ergonomic â€Å"disaster† (Research Paper Sample) Content: ERGONOMICSNameProfessorCourseInstitutionDateI run a young web design business in my home office. Regularly, I use my desk phone to make and receive calls from clients. I also use it to call other organizations I deal with in the course of my work including those who I purchase website templates from. I also write website code intensively using the computer machine.In the first three months of running the business, I found out a recurrent physically tiring effect at the end of every day. I would have a headache, sore eyes, aching shoulder, neck and wrists. At some point, I would trip severally on the power cables and my network cables were an eyesore, strewn all over the room, running in between the router, switch and computer.This turned into a disaster. I couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t work well anymore. I was spending more finances on medical bills and drugs. My production had become extremely low and at this rate, my going out of business was eminent. I decided to end this dis aster once and for all, so as to end the effect of the injuries. I decided to review the arrangement of items in my work room and review how I used my computer and phone among other devices. I realized that I had to repeatedly adjust my posture to view the screen because of glare and reflections from the light through the window. I also found out that I had developed an awkward posture during my working by holding the...

The Psycological Effects of Masochism and Sadism - 1980 Words

The Psychological Causes and Effects of Masochism and Sadism Katelyn Mueller Florida Institute of Technology Human Sexuality December 6, 2015 Abstract Masochism and sadism are very alike in nature. Masochism is a sexual perversion characterized by pleasure in being subjected to pain or humiliation; especially by a loved object. Sadism is the pleasure in being abused or dominated. Sadists have a taste for suffering. Masochism could be a means of escaping from one’s self. It could be a temporally extended identity. The awareness of one’s self is replaced by the focus on immediate present and on bodily sensations. Psychologists have found that the principle feature of masochism such as pain, bondage, and humiliation help accomplish†¦show more content†¦In the past, masochists have been labeled as extremely disturbed, but recent studies show a surprisingly different picture. Empirical observers think that practicing masochists are normal, at least when it comes to their nonsexual activities. Whether sexual masochism is considered pathological depends on whether one accepts the sexual practices of masochists as symptoms. If someone does not judge the sexual patterns alone in these masochist behaviors, then the majority of the people who are considered masochists appear to be normal and healthy. It is said that participating in sadomasochistic relations is compatible with a normal, sane, and even a successful life. The prevailing theoretical position since Sigmund Freud has been that masochism is derived from sadism. In some clinical experiments, sadism is possibly the main attraction. It is also possible that the mentally ill are drawn to inflicting pain rather than receiving it. Most theorists have thought that there is a strong link between masochism and sadism and have accentuated sadism. It is apparently the more important and essential pattern. A lot of evidence contradicts these views. Masochism is far more common than sadism. The number of submissive people outnumbers the number of dominant people. The pattern in which one partner wants to dominate but the other partner is reluctant to submit is very rare. The only study that

Americans Acceptance of Homosexuality Essay - 873 Words

In today’s society the general public has slowly became more accepting of homosexuality over the passing years, however it still remains an extremely controversial subject for a large majority. Different people have formulated their own opinions on whether or not this particular lifestyle is right or wrong. Some of these opinions are backed by generations upon generations of traditional views and religious beliefs which can be particularly arduous to break away from. How strongly people feel about these opinions, begs the question what if contrary to popular belief, homosexuality was beyond a person’s control; what if being a homosexual was determined solely on genetics rather than being culturally induced, would people still as judgmental†¦show more content†¦Homer to the notion that with each older brother, it raises the odds by one third that each son could be homosexual. According to an article in the June 2007 issue of Discover magazine, William Reiner, a psychologist at the University of Oklahoma, was inspired by the results found in the study of Dr. Dean Harmer and conducted a study on his own with a group of people that were surgically shifted from boys to girls. In this particular case study, they were all raised as girls and kept in the dark regarding their gender transferring surgery. If being homosexual was solely culturally induced these people who have always known themselves to be women, would follow the cultural binds of society and be attracted to men. However that’s not the case, Reiner found that the faux females ended up being attracted to other women. There is no doubt that there are several scientific studies and pieces of evidence suggesting and supporting that being gay is genetic and not influenced by societal nudging. However, the evidence supporting that aspect as of now is just probable not definitive which leaves the possibility that there are other factors involved. Just as easily as being gay can be g enetic, it’s also possible that it is in fact culturally induced. Along with evidenceShow MoreRelatedCultural Anthropology: Views on Lgbt Across Cultures Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesEssay # 4: Homosexuality/Transexuality/Intersexuality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Different cultures across the world have developed various views on homosexuality. Most cultural perspectives developed from religious or humanitarian sources. Living in 21st Century America, I have personally witnessed some of the strides and struggles of GLBT (gay-lesbian-bisexual-transgender) youth. In the United States there exist laws that both promote sexual diversity and laws that restrict the complete rights of suchRead MoreLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone900 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly the matter should be addressed. Some countries have made it illegal to practice homosexuality; some even consider it punishable by death. But what do Christians around the world and specifically in South Africa think about it? Andrew Sullivan discusses the fact that younger people during our time period find homosexuality more acceptable than the older generation. 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A friend to everyone was Phoebe who did whatever she put her mind to. How did an episode such as this manipulate the society? In the 1990s, American culture viewed premarital sex and homosexuality as immoral, however, the Friends episode, â€Å"The One Where Monica Gets a Roommate (Pilot)†, depicted both of the controversial topics in a light, joki ng manner trying to steer the public opinion towards its approval. What changed

Australia and Indonesia - a Comparative Study free essay sample

Figure C19 Bibliography10 Compare and contrast the Australian and Indonesian economies in terms of economic growth, economic development and the role played by the government. As Australia’s closest geographical neighbour, Indonesia and Australia have contrasting economies in regards to a number of different indicators. Economic growth, the increases in real GDP of an economy over a period of years, is an indicator which determines the size of an economy[1]. Along with economic development, these factors decide the classification of an economy either as an advanced economy, or a developing economy. Economic development is changes in an economy which result in a change in economic growth and human development[2]. The final indicator which is used to distinguish between the two economies is the economic role played by the government. This includes government expenditure as well as the impact that political decisions have on the economy. Despite receiving a milder downturn as a result of the GFC than Australia, Indonesia is characterized by these three indicators as a developing economy whereas Australia is an advanced economy on all facets of its growth and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia and Indonesia a Comparative Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Economic growth is a useful indicator in the comparison of Australia’s and Indonesia’s economies. Measured in GDP, this statistic determines the size of a country’s economy[3]. With reference to table A1, Australia’s GDP ($US) in 2011 reached $US1. 5 trillion[4] making Australia the 13th largest economy in the world. Despite a 0. 8%4 decrease in the average rate of GDP growth from 2010 to 2011, Australia recovered strongly from the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and is classified as an industrialized and developed economy. In contrast, Indonesia’s GDP ($US) in 2011 peaked at around $US0. 8 trillion3 ranking Indonesia as 18th in terms of economic size. Compared to Australia, Indonesia’s economic size in relation to their population is characteristic of a developing economy. However, Indonesia’s average annual rate of GDP growth remained strong during and after the GFC as seen in Fig. A14. This is because the Indonesian government used a substantial US$6. 2b fiscal package consisting of tax cuts and infrastructure investments to increase domestic demand. Being the largest market economy in South East Asia, Indonesia has sustained a high rate of economic growth and has seen developments in their standard of living. These traits illustrate that Indonesia will soon become a Newly Industrialized Economy (NIE) [5] . Economic development provides a significant insight when contrasting the Australian and Indonesian economy. The Human Development Index (HDI) measured Australia as 2nd highest in the world in terms of â€Å"human development† in 2011. As evident in Fig. B1[6], Australia measured in at 0. 93 with an outstanding GNI PPP per capita of $US 38,600 in 20115. This is because Australia has exceptional community and welfare services, levels of sanitation and a provision of law and order. In comparison, Indonesia’s HDI in 2011 was recorded as 0. 625, with a ranking of 108 out of 169 countries. However, from 1980 – 2011, Indonesia’s HDI rose from 0. 39 to 0. 62 which illustrates the tremendous development of the country’s living standard4. As another indicator for economic development, the unemployment rate shows the percentage of the workforce which is currently jobless. As seen in Fig. B2[7], Australia saw a consistent rise in their unemployment rate from 2009-11 following the GFC. Despite this, Australia’s unemployment rate was relatively low for a developed economy as a result of 17 years of sustainable economic growth leading to an increase in full-time jobs. Conversely, Indonesia’s unemployment rate has seen a steady decrease from 8. 4% 7. 9%6 during the 2009-11 period. This is the result of a strong economic recovery from both the Asian Crisis in 1997 and the GFC. Despite this, the World Bank Group still regards over 50% of the Indonesian population as under the international poverty line of $US2 a day4. Urbanization is the percentage of the total population of a country which lives in urban areas6.

The Mind is Separate from the Brain a Descartes Assumptions

Table of Contents Introduction Process of Thought Creation Creating Memories Experienced Stimuli and Imaginary Stimuli Resolving the Issue Conclusion Reference List Introduction The assumption of Descartes that the mind is separate from the brain is indeed a very intriguing concept since to this day the origin of thought, which the mind consists of, has yet to be accurately pinpointed by science (Gamst, 2011). As scientists such as Tsien (2007) point out there have yet to be accurate studies which pinpoint exactly how thoughts manifest within the brain (Tsien, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mind is Separate from the Brain: a Descartes’ Assumptions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While it may be true that it is now possible to know which area corresponds to which bodily function or which particular area is responsible for adaptation, pleasure or even general sensations it is still vague as to how neural firings come together to produce a thought (Fox, 2006). For example, an individual can think of either a single word such as â€Å"appetite† or think of doing a particular action such as â€Å"going for a drive† yet such simplistic thoughts cannot be identified as originating from a particular location. In this particular instance philosophers turn towards the universal law of â€Å"something cannot originate from nothing†, taking this into consideration thoughts must then originate from somewhere. It is assumed that the firings of neurons within the brain are responsible for the concept of thought yet when examining the origin of neurons themselves it is strange to think that the concept of complex thought and behaviors originates from electrical synapses which don’t produce thoughts of their own (Koch, 2011). It is based on this that various individuals do in fact agree with the assumption of Descartes that the mind must exist som ewhere outside of the body and that it influences the actions of the body through some here-to-unknown method of control (Pinker, 2007). On the other hand it has been stated by various psychological studies that such an assumption should not be considered 100% accurate. For example, Bensley (2003) states that â€Å"if the mind is separate from the brain then why is it that substances which affect or inebriate the brain causes changes in thought patterns which come from the mind?† (Bensley, 2003). This particular viewpoint is expressed by studies such as those by Astin(2004) which examine the preponderance of drug usage among many artists, musicians, and even scientists to which they attribute a great deal of their moments of sudden clarity and imagination from which they derive their greatest work (Astin, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the mind were truly s eparate from the brain then the concept of thought creation should remain constant instead of experiencing sudden shifts through artificial external influences. Process of Thought Creation It is still relatively unknown how thoughts are created yet what is known at the present is the way in which various substances can affect thought processes and how certain mental states can be achieved through the cornucopia of present day drugs or sudden accidents. For example, many people in the U.S. suffer from depression yet are able to overcome this particular mental state through the use of antidepressants. Other examples include individuals that use illegal drugs, alcohol or even people that were involved in car accidents resulting in brain damage. All these individuals, in one way or another, showed evidence of altered mental states which goes completely against the assumption of Descartes. Another way of looking at this particular situation is based on the views of Flanagan (1991) which examine the origin of knowledge and how people learn to think in precise ways (Flanagan, 1991). Flanagan (1991) explains that while various psychologists such as Freud have suggested that mental processes consist of id, ego, and superego most of them present the notion that the mind is located within the body (Flanagan, 1991). In fact various modern day psychologists such as Levine (1997) explain that knowledge of the latest psychoactive drugs is a necessity in the field of psychology due to chemical based treatments showing a great deal of effectiveness in dealing with a large percentage of many of today’s abnormal psychological behaviors (Levine, 1997). It must also be noted that thought should not be separated from behavior since behavior affects the formation of thoughts based on external stimuli which in turn affects the way in which a person perceives a particular situation. Since various psychoactive drugs can help to change the way in which a person behaves this in tu rn affects the way in which thoughts are created. These chemicals work by altering chemical firings within the brain by enabling better connections and lowering or increasing neural firings. This shows that thoughts can in fact be altered based on artificial external stimuli from chemicals that affect the brain.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Mind is Separate from the Brain: a Descartes’ Assumptions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking into consideration the fact that the mind is basically made up of a collection of thoughts and memories this shows that the mind is not as separate from the body as Descartes may have us believe. Creating Memories When pursuing arguments in favor of the mind being situated within the brain it is important to explore the concept of memory and how this relates to the creation of thoughts. Memories are basically stored experiences from which thoughts are based upon, as Murchland (2010) explains thoughts are basically the result of accumulated experiences from which memory plays an essential role and as such you cannot separate one from the other. Based on the experiments it was seen that memories are created and formed through the activation of thousands upon thousands of neurons within the brain. In the experiments electrodes were attached directly into the subjects brain after which they were asked to watch a series of short films while the firing of their neurons were recorded. When asked to recall specific parts of a clip neurons that were recorded firing when that specific clip was being shown began to activate after which the patients explained what was in that specific segment. It is based on this experiment that the process of memory creation and recall was shown and as such proves that the concept of â€Å"memory† exists within the brain. Further evidence of this lies in the fact that individuals that have experienced bra in trauma in the past experienced prolonged lapses in memory. Since thoughts are a result of accumulated memories and accumulated thoughts create the concept of the mind it can be stated that the mind is within the brain and not located outside of it. On the other hand some defendants of Descartes state that the brain is merely a node from which the mind channels thoughts and as such problems with the brain would of course affect this process of communication (Alanen, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This does present a rather intriguing way of looking at the issue since if the brain can be considered nothing more than a transmitter instead of the origin of thoughts then this lends a significant amount of credence to the Descartes’’ assumptions. For example, if the process of the interaction between the mind and the brain can be simplified into two people talking over walkie-talkies within a finite distance then interference in the way of weather phenomena or distance will result in miscommunication. Taking this into consideration drugs, accidents or a variety of other factors that affect the brain can thus be thought of as a form of â€Å"interference† that normally affects the process of communication. It must be questioned though, if the mind is not within the brain then where does the mind exist? It cannot be denied that the concept of â€Å"the mind† does indeed exist since it is an accumulation of thoughts which are undeniably real yet there has yet to be an undeniably proven area where the mind exists outside the body. Experienced Stimuli and Imaginary Stimuli One of the current ongoing justifications behind the separation of the mind from the body is the concept of substance dualism which states that the mind and matter are essentially fundamentally different types of substances that interact in some unknown fashion. This particular assertion is part of Descartes’’ Cartesian dualism in which he suggests that the mental actually does not have an extension in space and material objects cannot essentially â€Å"think†. From a certain perspective this does have basis on a certain degree of truth, the way in which the mind transmits information is basically through a series of chemical and electrical signal within the brain. Neither electricity nor chemicals can actually â€Å"think† and as such it cannot really be said that by combining the two the concept of thought will suddenly emerge. It must also be noted that the human body is essentially made up of water and carbon which on their own don’t have the capacity for thought and even when combined wouldn’t have the capacity to create thought as well. Taking this into consideration it is assumed by the defendant of Descartes’ that the concept of the mind must thus exist in some other plane of existence (similar to the concept of the soul) and it is through the brain that the mind interacts with the body. The inherent problem with this particular observation is the assumption that the concept of thought is actually a substance. For example, experienced stimuli in the form of eating an apple, going on a date or kissing someone you love are recorded and can be brought to the forefront of an individual’s thoughts merely by trying to recall a particular event. Imagined stimuli on the other hand can take the form of day dreaming about kissing the person you love, imagining that you won the lottery or ev en eating something that you have never once eaten before. What must be understood is that while both methods of stimuli exist within the thoughts of the mind they cannot be considered as being equivalent to actual substances. While it may be true that the universal concept of something cannot come from nothing prevails even in the realm of psychology and philosophy what must be understood is that the imagination can be considered a realm that both exists and doesn’t exist in the first place and that it is wholly dependent on experienced stimuli. Everything that a person imagines is based upon some form of experienced stimuli that they encountered in one form or the other. This is the inherent origin of imagined stimuli, furthermore imagined stimuli is considered by researchers such as Condillac Aarsleff ( 2001) as being fleeting and cannot be â€Å"fixed† so to speak (Condillac Aarsleff, 2001). Thus if something is not fixed and cannot be touched, held, smelt or tas ted then such a type of stimuli can be considered as being â€Å"inferior† to experienced stimuli. For example, a person can experience two different ways of eating a chocolate sundae with hot fudge, whipped cream, nuts and chocolate sprinkles: they can either experience this within the mind through imagined stimuli or they can actually do so through experience stimuli. Only in experienced stimuli can an individual feel the full gamut of flavors, textures, scent and taste of eating a chocolate ice cream sundae while in the case of imagined stimuli it is limited to a vague visual representation. While this doesn’t prove that the â€Å"space† that Descartes’ refers to doesn’t exist it does show the fundamental difference in experiences between the physical and the imaginary (Devlin, 1996). If the objects in the physical realm cannot â€Å"think† in the words of Descartes then why is it that experiences within the physical realm are more vivid and enticing as compared to the imaginary world? When trying to examine whether the mind is part of the brain it is important to examine the effect of visual and verbal stimuli and how this affects comprehension. Visual stimuli can come in a variety of forms whether it is an image, a video or a piece of scenery (Gollwitzer, 1990). All individuals in one way or another are exposed to various aspects of visual stimuli whether they want to or not which can take the form of sights and scenes that they see on a daily basis (Gollwitzer, 1990). Speaking on the other hand is a less permanent method of stimulation due to its spontaneous nature wherein the act of talking between two or more individuals produces varying views, thoughts and concepts that are produced at a faster rate compared to objects, people and scenes that are aspects of visual stimulation. It is actually due to this that ideas conveyed during the act of speaking are at times forgotten or not conveyed in the way the communi cator intended due to the way in which people interpret information differently through the act of talking. Furthermore, due to the presence of other communicators the result is a less controlled environment for stimulation wherein each individual gives out their own thoughts and ideas without there being a specific order to their introduction in the conversation (Spivey, 2007). What must be understood is that conveying emotion through vocal tones, facial expressions and gestures is one of the most important aspects of speaking due to the fact that these are the methods by which other communicators derive the intent of the speaker. For example, the phrase â€Å"get here now† can be said with little emotion and no facial expression and the communicator would be unable to determine the importance of â€Å"going there now†. On the other hand when phrase â€Å"Get Here Now!† utilizes a strong forceful voice and an angry facial expression the other communicator reali zes the urgency of the situation and â€Å"goes there† immediately. Studies such as those by Fields (2005) show that when it comes to processing particular types of information people are more adept at memorizing and recalling visual stimuli as compared to speech stimuli (Fields, 2005). Fields (2005) explains that this is due to the fact that remembering various aspect of speech stimuli involves not only having to recall specific words and phrases but individual responses as well whereas visual stimulus involves nothing more than what can be seen through the eyes (Fields, 2005). This is particularly important to take note of since when it comes to forming thoughts and imagery in the way that Descartes perceives most do so through imagery rather than through words. Since speech and visual imagery are basically processes of external stimulation why is it that people are more predisposed towards visual imagery when it comes to thought processes rather than speech? The reason beh ind this is actually connected to the study of Yuperlik (2009) which explains that the brain is more adept at processing images than speech and as such there are inherent limitations to what can be memorized and imagined (Yuperlik, 2009). In fact studies such as those by Spivey (2007) explain that humans are more evolutionary adept at visual stimulation than all other senses (Spivey, 2007). Since the brain has an inherent evolutionary predisposition towards a particular way of operating then if the mind were truly separated from the brain then it wouldn’t experience the same limitations as the brain however it does and as such this is indicative of the fact that the mind is within brain. If it weren’t it wouldn’t be subject to the same inherent predisposition towards visual imagery. Resolving the Issue In order to resolve this issue it is best to subject the assumption of the mind being outside of the brain to Occam’s razor in order to determine the overa ll validity of the assumption. The basis of Occam’s razor is â€Å"the simplest explanation for a problem is usually the right one†. This is based off the principle of parsimony which states that â€Å"it is pointless to do more with something when it can be done with less†. Taking this into consideration, it can be stated that since thoughts can be affected by drugs, alcohol and injuries to the brain, and since all of these occurrences are dependent on some external force affecting the brain, this means that thoughts are within the brain and thus the mind exists within the brain and not outside of it. What must be understood is that since there is no current concrete evidence in support of Descartes’ assumptions it cannot be supported under Occam’s razor and thus it should not be considered as something which is 100% valid. It can only be considered as such when there is sufficient corroborating evidence however till such a time occurs it can be c onsidered nothing more than philosophical conjecture without sufficient facts backing it up. Conclusion Based on the findings of this paper it can be stated that the mind is an inherent function of a developed human brain and as such cannot be considered a separate aspect of it placed in some sort of space outside of human understanding. If something affects the brain it affects the mind as well and as such Descartes reasoning is inherently flawed. On the other hand it must be noted that at the time when he created his assumption regarding the separation of the mind from the brain the science of understanding the brain’s neurologic functions was barely in its infancy and as such it can be stated that Descartes may have made such an assumption due to an inherent lack of knowledge. Reference List Alanen, L. (2004). Descarte’s concept of mind. Times Higher Education Supplement, (1624), 11. Astin, J. (2004). Psychosocial Determinants of Health and Illness: Integrating Mind , Body, and Spirit. Advances In Mind-Body Medicine, 20(4), 14. Bensley, D. (2003). Can Minds Leave Bodies?. 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